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Smear Campaigns, Character Assassination, and the Erosion of Institutional Trust in Modern Information Ecosystems: A Critical Analysis

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Produced for @empowervmedia Edited & fact-checked by @jorgebscomm Modern smear campaigns: anonymous digital attacks, sensational media lies, and public slander erode reputations and trust.   (📷:empowervmedia) C haracter assassination is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction of an individual’s reputation or credibility through strategic communicative attacks that target their private lives, values, and core identity. While the human impulse to discredit rivals is as old as the recorded history of the Pharaohs or the Roman Senate, the current decade has introduced a level of scale and precision that has transformed this ancient tactic into a ubiquitous feature of global discourse. In the period spanning 2024 and 2025, the world witnessed a profound convergence of technical capability and social fragmentation, creating a fertile environment for what scholars describe as "reputation politics" . This is not merely a byproduct of internet anonymity; it is a cal...

Context Collapse: When Social Contexts Converge Online

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Produced for @empowervmedia Edited & fact-checked by @jorgebscomm Context collapse flattens the usual boundaries we manage in everyday life, making it hard to tailor our message to each group.   (📷:colostate.edu) Context collapse occurs when formerly separate social contexts all come together into one audience space [1] [2] . In physical life we adjust our behaviour based on who we’re talking to (we speak differently to a boss than to old friends). But on social networks, those circles overlap. For example, a single Facebook post or tweet might be seen by your family, college friends, coworkers, and even strangers all at once. This is what Jessica Vitak calls “the flattening out of multiple distinct audiences” [1] . Because of this, information can suddenly spread far and wide (a casual comment intended for friends might end up reaching colleagues or acquaintances) [3] . 'Context Collapse' ▶️2m02s In practice, this mixing of audiences can be jarring. As one blogger v...

Disinformation vs. Misinformation: A Psychological Primer

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Produced for @empowervmedia Edited & fact-checked by @jorgebscomm Emotions such as fear and outrage make us more susceptible to false news.   (📷:universityofcambridge) B efore diving into psychology, we must define our terms .  Misinformation  is misleading or false information that is spread, regardless of intent . It covers everything from honest mistakes to urban legends. In contrast, disinformation  is a form of misinformation that is created and shared on purpose  to mislead or manipulate people . In practice, experts often consider disinformation as a subset of misinformation, because it can be hard to know the originator’s intent . For example, a viral hoax about a miracle cure might be pure misinformation (someone misunderstood a fact), while an organised campaign spreading false health scares to sow panic would be disinformation. In either case, the core problem is that the information is false and can have harmful effects on people and society . ...